体格检查
Physical examination
There are two major principles underlying an efficient physical examination. First, the examination is done by regio , second, there is a well-organized order of examination. To be efficient, one a roaches regio sequentially, for example, the head, the neck, the posterior thorax and lungs, and the heart. This type of regional a roach also takes into account the comfort of the patient by eliminating the need for frequent shifts in position. One begi with a general survey of each region and then focuses on component parts. If no a ormality is found, the examination is brief but comprehe ive. If an a ormality is present, it is studied meticulously, using ecial maneuvers if nece ary. One takes advantage of the symmetry of the human body by comparing one side with the other. In this way, subtle changes are recognized. Small differences in the lung examination, for example, are better detected by cro -comparing symmetrical areas of each lung than by examining each lung individually.
Following a prescribed order of examination by regio does not imply a lack of flexibility. The examination varies with the condition of patient and the type of problem present. Evidence of disease in one area alerts the physician to po ible related a ormalities in other areas. If the initial physical examination has not been entirely satisfactory, one does not hesitate to return at a later time to recheck findings when circumstances for re-examination may be more favorable.
The physician lear to do a comprehe ive screening examination. Depending on the condition of the patient, the examination will need to be adapted to ecial circumstances. The patient may be bed-bound and so ill that the examiner requires a istance with positioning. In an acute emergency where an a reviated physical examination is carried out with deliberate eed, one simultaneously does a brief interview, obtai laboratory work, and initiates treatment. If the patient has a neurologic problem, a complete neurologic examination is done. Regardle of the problem and the condition of the patient, the physician is co iderate, systematic, and logical in a roach. One kee in mind diagnostic po ibilities, looks for u u ected disease, and interrelates a ormal findings that may explain the patient’s illne .
New Word and Expre io
Underlie 位于……之下
sequentially 连续地、相继地
posterior 后面的、以后的
thorax 胸、胸膛
anterior 前面的、先前的
comprehe ive 全面的、综合的
meticulously 细致地、一丝不苟地
symmetry 对称，匀称
imply 暗示，意指
bed-bound 卧床的
neruologic 神经病的
diagnostic 诊断的
u u ected 不受怀疑的，未知的
interrelate 相互联系